
The conventional data used in our analyses is obtained from the Scientific Division of the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR). These consist of all ship and buoy observations of surface wind. In addition to the standard observations , additional buoy data is obtained from the Pacific Marine and Environmental Laboratory (PMEL) under the Tropical Atmosphere Ocean Project (TAO). These data consist of moored ocean buoys for improved detection, understanding and prediction of El Nino and La Nina. When available, buoys from the Pilot Research Moored Array in the Atlantic (PIRATA) are also used). Please note that the availability of non-transmitting buoy data from the TAO array is contingent on cruise track recovery schedules. While much of this data is included in the first-look processing, late-look products may contain additional data and/or quality control.
All conventional observations are adjusted to a height of 10 meters assuming neutral stability (see Hoffman,2005). When unavailable, instrument heights are assumed to be 19.5m and 5m for ships and buoys respectively.